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Machined steel "perfect" shells buckled under uniform external pressure

from Jan Blachut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Liverpool.

Specimen 6: a hemispherical shell that buckled at p = 3.85 MPa
Specimen 7: a torispherical shell that buckled at p = 4.28 MPa
Specimen 8: a torispherical shell that buckled at p = 0.82 MPa

All three specimens have the same diameter and mass. As the shape is changed the uniform wall thickness is adjusted to keep the mass the same.

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