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Thin-walled open section beam profiles. Under axial compression such beams can buckle in various modes, as shown in the next 3 images

There are more than 400 references in the paper cited here.

This and the next 3 images are from:

Christian Mittelstedt (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Lightweight Construction and Design, Technical University Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany),

“Buckling and Post-Buckling of Thin-Walled Composite Laminated Beams—A Review of Engineering Analysis Methods”, Appl. Mech. Rev. March 2020, 72(2): 020802 (36 pages), Paper No: AMR-19-1052 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045680

ABSTRACT: Thin-walled beams made of laminated composite materials are increasingly used in any engineering branch where structural weight is one of the major aspects in the design process of load bearing structures. Quite naturally, when composite materials are being employed, analysis methods are required that adequately take effects such as material anisotropy, coupling effects, and shear deformations into account which are inherent to this class of materials. This paper aims to provide an overview of engineering analysis methods concerning the buckling and post-buckling behavior of thin-walled composite laminated beams, covering topics such as exact and closed-form analytical approximate solutions as well as semi-analytical and numerical methods wherein a distinction is made between local and global buckling of beam structures, and the interaction of global and local buckling modes. This paper also covers an overview of experimental investigations as well as of design optimization studies and closes with an outlook on future investigations.

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