Pre-buckling plus post-buckling cross-section distortions vary with lengths L-sub-g and L-sub-u

OMEGA-sub-u = (L-sub-u/r)[sqrt(t/r)]
in whiich t = tube wall thickness and r = tube radius to the middle surface of the tube wall

OMEGA-sub(u,tau-z) is given in Eq. (5) in the paper.

From the same paper as the previous 2 images.

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