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This is Fig 2 from the 1986 BOSOR5 user's manual paper. This slide shows a typical pressure-deflection curve for an internally pressurized ellipsoidal pressure vessel head and photograph of a buckled test specimen.
Individual buckles or pairs of buckles appear in the knuckle region where the circumferential membrane stress is negative as the internal pressure is increased. Provided that fracturing of the shell wall does not occur, the shell can be stable in its far post-buckled state.
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