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This and the next 9 images are from:
Hiroyuki Shima, Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan,
“Buckling of Carbon Nanotubes: A State of the Art Review”, Materials 2012, 5, 47-84; doi:10.3390/ma5010047
ABSTRACT: The nonlinear mechanical response of carbon nanotubes, referred to as their “buckling” behavior, is a major topic in the nanotube research community. Buckling means a deformation process in which a large strain beyond a threshold causes an abrupt change in the strain energy vs. deformation profile. Thus far, much effort has been devoted to analysis of the buckling of nanotubes under various loading conditions: compression, bending, torsion, and their certain combinations. Such extensive studies have been motivated by (i) the structural resilience of nanotubes against buckling and (ii) the substantial influence of buckling on their physical properties. In this contribution, I review the dramatic progress in nanotube buckling research during the past few years. 212 references are cited.
This is Figure 2 from the Shima paper.
Figure 2 (a)–(f) Series of TEM images of deformation processes for MWNTs initiated by applying compressive force in the sample direction; (g) Force–displacement diagram. The points indicated by arrows correspond to the TEM images in (d) and (e). Reprinted from Reference [88]: Kuzumaki, T.; Mitsuda, Y. Nanoscale mechanics of carbon nanotube evaluated by nanoprobe manipulation in transmission electron microscope. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 45, 364–368.
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