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This slide shows similar buckling patterns for internally pressurized aluminum and mild steel torispherical test specimens.
With metallic specimens the nonlinear behavior is complicated by the presence of both moderately large prebuckling deformation and elastic-plastic material behavior. The behavior of these and other pressure vessel heads has been extensively studied by Gerry Galletly, Jan Blachut and their colleagues at the University of Liverpool.
The buckling of internally pressurized torispherical and ellipsoidal shells is a process described in the next slide.
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