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This and the next image are from:
Eitan Grinspun, Fehmi Cirak, Peter Schröder and Michael Ortiz (California Institute of Technology), “Non-linear mechanics and collisions for subdivision surfaces”, Caltech Report (Date and number not given in the pdf file. The most recent reference is dated 2000. See also the paper: F. Cirak, M. Ortiz, and P. Schröder, “Subdivision surfaces: A new paradigm for thin-shell finite-element analysis”, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 47(12):2039–2072, 2000)
ABSTRACT: Numerically accurate simulation of the mechanical behavior of thin flexible structures is important in application areas ranging from engineering design to animation special effects. Subdivision surfaces provide a unique opportunity to integrate geometric modeling with concurrent finite element analysis of thin flexible structures. Their mechanics are governed by the so-called thin-shell equations. We present a concise treatment of thin-shell equations including dynamic behavior, scalable material models, and the treatment of collisions (detection as well as response). The resulting energy minimization problem is non-linear and in turn able to capture effects of far more realism than linear models. We demonstrate these claims with a number of simulations which exhibit characteristic effects of real world experiments.
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