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“ESL” = “Equivalent Single Layer” model
“3D” = model in which face sheets and all webs are modeled with shell elements
The states of the concave (bottom) face sheet at several of the axial force levels, F, are displayed in the next image.
This and the next image are from:
J. Jelovica and J. Romanoff (Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Dept. of Marine Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland),
“Influence of shear-induced secondary bending on buckling of web-core sandwich panels”, Analysis and Design of Marine Structures, Guedes Soares and Shenoi (editors), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2015
ABSTRACT: Sandwich panels with uni-directional stiffeners in the core are lightweight structures. When the voids between the stiffeners are empty, the global bending of the panel is accompanied by the secondary bending of the faces between the stiffeners. This study investigates the effect of the second- ary bending on local buckling of the sandwich panel. Web-core steel sandwich panel is analyzed with finite element method using shell elements. The panel is studied under uni-axial loading in the direction of the stiffeners. The results show that the local buckling strength is higher at the unloaded edges where the secondary bending deformation is larger. This has a positive effect on the strength of the panel since it postpones the reduction of the load-carrying capacity. Local buckling occurs first in the center of the panel. The buckles have atypical shape with the wave-length significantly smaller than the width of the face plate between the stiffeners.
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