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(A and B) Schematic illustrating the relationship between wrinkles and Gaussian curvature in (A) +1 and (B) −(1/2) disclinations. Wrinkles are constructed such that they are everywhere perpendicular to the smectic order. The Gaussian curvature for both of these structures demonstrates that +1 (−(1/2)) disclinations are centers of negative (positive) curvature, where K>0 (K<0) is shown in orange (blue). (C) Complex membrane topographies can be generated merely by choosing the locations of disclinations, as demonstrated in this simulation. (D) +1 (red circles) and −(1/2) (green triangles) disclinations have average values of Gaussian curvature −3±5×10−7(dsm)2 and 0.4±5×10−7(dsm)2, respectively.
This image is from the same paper as the previous 2 images.
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