This and the next image are from:
Jie Song, Yan Chen and Guoxing Lu (School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore),
“Axial crushing of internally braced tubes”, 4th International Conference on Design and Analysis of Protective Structures, Jeju, Korea, June 2012
ABSTRACT: Thin-walled tubular structures are widely used as energy absorbing devices. For conventional tubes subject to axial crushing, they usually exhibit a high initial peak force and large fluctuation in the load-displacement curve. In the present study, internal braces were introduced to square and circular tubes to reduce the initial peak and subsequent fluctuation. Crushing test and FE simulation were performed on the internally-braced and conventional tubes that had the same mass. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was observed. It is shown that tubes with internal braces have lower initial peak and more uniform crushing process than the conventional ones.
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