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From the same paper as the previous image.
The authors write: “Fell (2008) studied the influence of loading histories representing the far-field as well as near-field earthquakes on the performance of braces through large-scale component testing. This study concluded that the far-field ground motions proved more critical for the desired brace performance as compared to the near-field earthquakes. Hence, the standard cyclic loading protocol as per ATC-24 (1992) guidelines has been used in this parametric study. This chosen protocol is based on the non-linear time history investigation of the structural systems, which matches with the realistic demands in the system under the earthquakes. As shown in the Fig. 2, the loading protocol consists of three elastic steps comprising of six drift cycles each, followed by four cycles corresponding to the onset of inelasticity in the system. In this case, the onset of inelasticity was considered as the initiation of brace buckling under the compressive loading. In total 9 cyclic loading steps were applied with a maximum brace deformation in this study fixed corresponding to a story drift of 5% as recommended by Sabelli et al. (2013).”
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