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From the same paper as the previous 2 images.
The critical buckling mode obtained from Cohen's FASOR computer program clearly shows that general buckling involves significant local deformation of the cross sections of the Z-shaped rings. There is significant local “rolling” of the web and outstanding flange of each ring and significant local bending of the faying flange of each ring as part of the general buckling mode shape.
This result was obtained by Gerald Cohen's shell-of-revolution computer program called FASOR (1970s).
This slide demonstrates the first type of buckling modal interaction: a general buckling mode shape that includes significant local buckling modal deformations.
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