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This and the next 3 images are from;
David Bushnell, “Plastic Buckling”, Chapter 2.4, pp 47-117, in Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design Technology - 1982, A Decade of Progress, S.Y. Zamrik and D. Dietrich (Editors), Book No. G00213 published by ASME, 1982
Also see:
Bushnell, D., “BOSOR5 - Program for buckling of elastic-plastic complex shells of revolution including large deformations and creep”, Computers & Structures, Vol. 5, pp. 221-239, 1976
In the early 1970s the football-shaped shell was tested under uniform external pressure at the David Taylor Model Basin in Carderock, Maryland, USA.
Welding the rings to the shell significantly affects the axisymmetric prebuckling deformation and the elastic-plastic buckling pressure because of axisymmetric residual deformation and residual stress generated by the welding process. This is demonstrated by the next few images.
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