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| Finite element model of the undeformed and deformed thin-shell projectile |
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| Circumferential buckling pattern of the projectile |
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| Buckling and post-buckling of externally pressurized spherical caps |
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| Buckling and post-buckling of prolate egg-shaped domes under hydrostatic external pressure |
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| Buckling and post-buckling of externally pressurized egg-shaped hull with variouis thicknesses, t |
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| Shallow part of spherical shell under external pressure |
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| Knockdown factor versus amplitude of imperfection in the form of the critical bifurcation buckling mode |
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| Knockdown factor versus amplitude of a single dent at the apex of the shallow spherical shell |
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| Knockdown factor versus the size of a cut-out |
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| Internally ring-stiffened, welded submarine hull tested at DTMB and analyzed by BOSOR5 |
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| The effect of welding is simulated by axisymmetric cool-down from the annealing temperature |
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| (a) Pre-buckling axisymmetric deformation under external pressure including welding. (b) Pre-buckling deformations at the maximum pressure including and neglecting welding |
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| Including welding reduces the critical pressure by about 10 per cent |
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| Buckling: Externally pressurized spherical shell to clothoidal shell |
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| Buckling of imperfect externally pressurized composite hemispherical shell |
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