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| Hemispherical shell with a "flat" spot. The "imperfect" shell is to be externally pressurized |
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| How the lower bound of the collapse pressure, Pc, is determined as a function of the flattening amplitude, delta0 |
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| Molded torispherical shells fabricated of plastic ABS material. The shells have off-axis "flat" spots with geometry of the type shown two slides ago. |
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| This slide shows the buckled specimens that in the previous slide are shown before testing under external pressure |
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| Comparison between test and theory for the torispherical shells with "flat" regions spanning increasing alpha (increasing delta0) |
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| Finite element model of externally pressurized torispherical shell with small "flat" spot |
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| Buckled plastic externally pressurized, meridionally stiffened torispherical shell |
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| 350 mm diameter laminated composite torispherical shell fabricated by draping. The shell is to be tested under uniform external pressure |
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| How the draping is done and modeled for the fabricated specimen shown in the previous slide |
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| Failure diagram of perfect externally pressurized torispherical shells |
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| Linear buckling mode of an internally pressurized torispherical pressure vessel head |
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| Internally pressurized torispherical vessel |
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| Typical post-buckling pattern of an internally pressurized torispherical or ellipsoidal steel or aluminaum pressure vessel head |
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| Axisymmetric elastic-plastic deformation of an internally pressurized ellipsoidal shell predicted by BOSOR5 |
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| Post-buckling of an internally pressurized torispherical pressure vessel head from ANSYS finite element model |
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