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from Jan Blachut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Liverpool
a. The shell with the small "flat" region buckles as if the flat region were not present.
b. The shell with the large "flat" region buckles only in that region
The torispherical shells have an internal mandrel with a clearance of 3 mm. According to the theory the critical incipient (bifurcation) buckling mode of Specimen (a) has six circumferential waves (n = 6, see next slide), but the finitely post-buckled state of Specimen (a) displayed here clearly has only four circumferential waves. An analogous phenomenon occurs with axially compressed cylindrical shells: the number of circumferential waves in the post-buckled state is less than that corresponding to incipient buckling.
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