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from Jan Blachut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Liverpool
Compare this slide with the figure displayed three slides ago. p is the buckling pressure (collapse pressure); p(bif) is the bifurcation buckling pressure of the perfect shell with the nominal radius, R(s); t is the shell wall thickness; delta0 is the amplitude of the "imperfection" indicated four slides ago; the curve labeled "FE Increased-Radius Lower Bound" was obtained for specimens with off-axis "flat" regions from two-dimensional Finite Element models.
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