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Failure diagram of perfect externally pressurized torispherical shells

from Jan Blachut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Liverpool.

D is the diameter at the equator.
t(o) is the wall thickness of the hemispherical shell.

P(T) is the buckling (collapse) pressure of the specimen.
P(H) is the buckling (collapse) pressure of the hemispherical shell.

V(T) is the volume enclosed by the specimen.
V(H) is the volume enclosed by the hemispherical shell.

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