|
![Imperfection sensitivity from Koiter asymptotic theory](thumbnails/s31.jpg) |
![Spherical shells to be buckled under uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s32.jpg) |
![Spherical shell under external pressure: Knockdown factor versus probe displacement](thumbnails/s33.jpg) |
![Post-buckled externally pressurized spherical shells tested by J.M.T. Thompson, Cambridge University, September 1961](thumbnails/s34.jpg) |
![Primary and secondary buckling of a spherical shell under external pressure](thumbnails/s35.jpg) |
|
Imperfection sensitivity from Koiter asymptotic theory |
|
Spherical shells to be buckled under uniform external pressure |
|
Spherical shell under external pressure: Knockdown factor versus probe displacement |
|
Post-buckled externally pressurized spherical shells tested by J.M.T. Thompson, Cambridge University, September 1961 |
|
Primary and secondary buckling of a spherical shell under external pressure |
|
|
|
![Machined steel](thumbnails/s36.jpg) |
![1 meter diameter laminated composite hemispherical shell fabricated in gores. The shell is to be tested under uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s37.jpg) |
![Laminated composite hemispherical shell after the test under uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s38.jpg) |
![HY steel hemispherical shell assembled from petals. The shell is to be tested under uniform external pressure.](thumbnails/s39.jpg) |
![Simulation of a growing spherical shell that buckles inside an (invisible) hollow sphere.](thumbnails/s40.jpg) |
|
Machined steel "perfect" shells buckled under uniform external pressure |
|
1 meter diameter laminated composite hemispherical shell fabricated in gores. The shell is to be tested under uniform external pressure |
|
Laminated composite hemispherical shell after the test under uniform external pressure |
|
HY steel hemispherical shell assembled from petals. The shell is to be tested under uniform external pressure. |
|
Simulation of a growing spherical shell that buckles inside an (invisible) hollow sphere. |
|
|
|
![Buckling of a relatively thick spherical cap (R/t=50) under uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s41.jpg) |
![Buckling of perfect and imperfect very thin (R/t=1000) clamped spherical cap under uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s42.jpg) |
![Axisymmetric buckling of clamped shallow spherical shells under external uniform pressure; Critical buckling load versus geometric](thumbnails/s43.jpg) |
![Buckling of a shallow spherical cap with uniform external pressure](thumbnails/s44.jpg) |
![Buckling of externally pressurized spherical caps from test and theory](thumbnails/s45.jpg) |
|
Buckling of a relatively thick spherical cap (R/t=50) under uniform external pressure |
|
Buckling of perfect and imperfect very thin (R/t=1000) clamped spherical cap under uniform external pressure |
|
Axisymmetric buckling of clamped shallow spherical shells under external uniform pressure; Critical buckling load versus geometric "shallowness" parameter, Lambda |
|
Buckling of a shallow spherical cap with uniform external pressure |
|
Buckling of externally pressurized spherical caps from test and theory |
|
|