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There are two types of initial imperfection:
Example A = buckling modal imperfection
Example B = small dent from an inward-directed concentrated load
FROM:
J. Blachut (School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK),
“Buckling of composite domes with localized imperfections and subjected to external pressure”, Composite Structures, Vol. 153, pp 746-754, October 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.007
ABSTRACT: It is shown that Force-Induced-Dimple (FID), initial geometric imperfection leads to a far worse deterioration of buckling strength (for up to four times) than currently used modulated eigenshape(s) or lower bound increased-radius shape deviations from perfect geometry. The FID approach provides not only safer estimates of buckling resistance but also it is efficient in terms of computing time for a range of shell geometries. The physics behind the FID-concept is closer to reality than in the other two approaches.
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