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This and the next image are from:
J. Błachut (Mechanical engineering, University of Liverpool, UK),
“Elastic buckling of stringer reinforced torispheres under external pressure”, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 175, Article 103921, August 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.103921
ABSTRACT: Plain and reinforced torispheres were manufactured and subjected to external pressure. Under single incremental pressure they were loaded up to buckling level. Experimental values of buckling pressure were compared with numerical predictions based on the FE analyses. Some domes were reinforced by stringers attached to external surface, and running along meridians. In each case they were evenly spread in hoop direction. For a ‘threshold-number’ of stringers buckling pressure was smaller than that for the case of plain (non-reinforced), torisphere. It only begun to increase once the number of stringers was larger than the ‘threshold value’. The intricate role of the number of stringers on bifurcation buckling is discussed. Performance of domes with smeared reinforcements is discussed together with stringers which do not cover the full length of meridians.
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