The bifurcation point (small circle in each panel) lies on the primary nonlinear equilibrium path. (It represents the same state in each of the three panels, a,b,c. The solid curves represent stable equilibrium; the dashed curves represent unstable equilibrium.
Lambda represents load
Q represents generalized displacement
From:
Thompson, J. M. T., “Dynamic buckling under step loading”. In Dynamic stability of structures, Proc. of an International Conference, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois, Pergamon Press, 1965
ABSTRACT: (cannot cut and paste it)
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