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This and the next 4 images are from:
Roman Vetter, Norbert Stoop, Falk K. Wittel and Hans J. Herrmann (Computational Physics for Engineering Materials, IfB, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland), “Simulating thin sheets: Buckling, wrinkling, folding and growth”, VII Brazilian Meeting on Simulational Physics, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 487, (2014), 012012,
ABSTRACT: Numerical simulations of thin sheets undergoing large deformations are computationally challenging. Depending on the scenario, they may spontaneously buckle, wrinkle, fold, or crumple. Nature’s thin tissues often experience significant anisotropic growth, which can act as the driving force for such instabilities. We use a recently developed finite element model to simulate the rich variety of nonlinear responses of Kirchhoff-Love sheets. The model uses subdivision surface shape functions in order to guarantee convergence of the method, and to allow a finite element description of anisotropically growing sheets in the classical Rayleigh–Ritz formalism. We illustrate the great potential in this approach by simulating the inflation of airbags, the buckling of a stretched cylinder, as well as the formation and scaling of wrinkles at free boundaries of growing sheets. Finally, we compare the folding of spatially confined sheets subject to growth and shrinking confinement to find that the two processes are equivalent.
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