Fig. 18. Buckling modes of the stiffened shell at the collapse load: a) test result; b) measured imperfection approach; c) eigenmode-shape imperfection approach; d) SPLA; e) WMPLA.
SPLA = Single Perturbation Load Approach
WMPLA = Worst Multiple Perturbation Load Approach
From the same paper as the previous 4 images.
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