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From the paper:
"Effects of shell buckling knockdown factors in large cylindrical shells" by Glenn A. Hrinda, NASA Langley Research Center (publication details not given in the "pdf" file. The most recent reference cited in the paper is dated 2007.)
ABSTRACT: Shell-buckling knockdown factors (SBKF) have been used in large cylindrical shell structures to account for uncertainty in buckling loads. As the diameter of the cylinder increases, achieving the manufacturing tolerances becomes increasingly more difficult. Knockdown factors account for manufacturing imperfections in the shell geometry by decreasing the allowable buckling load of the cylinder. In this paper, large-diameter (33 ft) cylinders are investigated by using various SBKF's. An investigation that is based on finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to develop design sensitivity relationships. Different manufacturing imperfections are modeled into a perfect cylinder to investigate the effects of these imperfections on buckling. The analysis results may be applicable to large-diameter rockets, cylindrical tower structures, bulk storage tanks, and silos.
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