Buckling of the multi-layered flexible offshore pipe under the condition shown in the previous image

From the same paper as the previous 2 images.

(a) shows a typical buckling failure mode. This image is from Souza et al [12]

Reference [12]:
J.R.M. Sousa, P.F. Viero, C. Magluta, N. Roitman, An experimental and numerical study on the axial compression response of flexible pipes, J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng, 134 (2012), p. 031703

(b) shows various damage mechanisms of flexible multi-layered pipes.

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