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 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
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Lateral-torsional buckling of bridge girder with a corrugated web |
I-beam torsional-lateral buckling and post-buckling of upper flange |
Bending an I-beam with consequent buckling of web and compressed flange |
Local failure of an axially compressed fiber-reinforced beam flange |
I-beam imperfection profiles |
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 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
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Buckling of an axially compressed imperfect I-beam |
Axially Compressed imperfect built-up I-column: long-wavelength buckling and postbuckling |
Axially Compressed imperfect built-up I-column: short-wavelength buckling and postbuckling |
Local buckling occurring before general buckling of an eccentrically axially (e) compressed column |
How the axial stresses are redistributed over the column cross section after local buckling |
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 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
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Normalized load-deflection curves for columns of various lengths |
Type of column failure as a function of the slenderness ratio, L/r |
Plastic buckling behavior of an axially compressed channel |
Various plastic mechanisms in a channel under axial compression |
Typical beam cross sections with (a) curved and (b) "folded" flanges |
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