| Prediction of the buckling load. Buckling occurs in the axially compressed region in the neighborhood of the midlength of the downward bent beam |
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| Pre-buckling residual stress through the wall thickness from rolling a flat sheet into a tube |
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| Distributioin of residual stresses across the thin-walled profile (cross-section). |
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| Three general buckling modes of an arch |
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| A frame made of beam-columns with thin-walled hollow rectangular cross section |
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| Deformation of the thin-walled hollow frame under the loading shown in the previous image |
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| A thin-walled curved beam |
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| Thin-walled curved beam with "I" cross section |
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| Each segment of the cross section of the I-beam is made of laminated composite material |
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