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| The first submarine, invented by David Bushnell (1742-1824), was constructed circa 1776. The small submarine is a thin shell structure called "Turtle". |
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| Various types of analysis of thin steel shells according to Eurocode EN 1993-1-6 |
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| Load-axial-end-shortening curves corresponding to various types of shell analysis defined in the previous image |
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| Three types of equilibrium branching behavior |
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| undeformedand deformedstates |
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| Referene, Initial and Current configurations of a shell reference surface |
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| Buckling prevention strategies |
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| Typical layup of a laminated composite plate or shell wall |
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| Variable half-thickness of a laminated shell wall |
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| Resultants acting on a shell wall element |
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| Resultants are the integrals of stress components over the shell wall thickness, H |
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| Integrated stress-strain relations in a laminated composite shell wall, for example. |
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| This image represents a single layer in a shell wall. Shown are coordinate directions, "x" and "theta" (shell coordinates) and "1" and "2" (orthotropic material coordinates) |
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| Transformation of stresses from material coordinates (the "1, 2" system) to shell coordinates (the "x,theta" system) |
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| Transformation of strains from material coordinates (the "1, 2" system) to shell coordinates (the "x,theta" system) |
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