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Creating an initial geometric imperfection by application of a small concentrated load normal to the shell surface |
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Axially compressed and laterally poked cylindrical shell |
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Localized buckling of an axially compressed cylindrical shell |
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Yoshimura pattern similar to the post-buckling pattern in an axially compressed cylindrical shell |
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The evolution of the post-buckling pattern of an axially compressed, unstiffened cylindrical shell with increasing axial compression |
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Collapsing mode of a circular cylindrical shell |
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Yoshimura buckling pattern used in architecture |
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Buckling of roll of toilet paper having accidentally been axially compressed |
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Axisymmetric post-buckled toilet roll |
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Yoshimura pattern as shown in Fig. 2 "Developed view of the buckled surface" in NACA-TM-1390, 1955 by Y. Yoshimura |
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Yoshimura pattern as shown in Fig. 3 "Cross and longitudinal sections of the buckled surface" in NACA-TM-1390, 1955 by Y. Yoshimura |
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Paper models of Yoshimura deformation patterns on cylindrical shells from n = 16 (left) to n = 2 circumferential "waves" |
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A typical measured imperfection shape for a laminated composite cylindrical shell. |
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Geometric imperfection shape using evolutionary power spectra |
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Three types of imperfection shapes for the analysis of axially compressed imperfect cylindrical shells |
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